Siege of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolution

The Siege of Fort Ticonderoga was fought July 2-6, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Opening his Saratoga Campaign, Major General John Burgoyne advanced down Lake Champlain in the summer of 1777 with the initial goal of capturing Fort Ticonderoga. Arriving, his men were able to emplace guns on the heights of Sugar Loaf (Mount Defiance) which dominated the American positions around the fort. Left with little choice, the forts commander, Major General Arthur St. Clair, ordered his men to abandon the fortifications and retreat. Though criticized for his actions, St. Clairs decision preserved his command for use later in the campaign. Background In the spring of 1777, Major General John Burgoyne devised  a plan for achieving victory over  the Americans. Concluding  that New England was the seat of the rebellion, he suggested separating  the region from the other colonies by advancing down the Hudson River corridor while a second column, led by Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger, moved east from Lake Ontario. Rendezvousing at Albany, the combined force  would drive down the Hudson, while  General William Howes army marched north from New York. Though the plan was approved by London, Howes role was never clearly defined and his seniority prevented Burgoyne from issuing him orders. British Preparations Prior to this, British forces under Sir Guy Carleton had attempted to capture Fort Ticonderoga.  Sailing south  on Lake Champlain in the fall of 1776, Carletons fleet was delayed by an American squadron led by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Valcour Island.  Though Arnold was defeated, the lateness of the season prevented the British from exploiting their victory.   Arriving in Quebec the following spring, Burgoyne began assembling his army and making preparations for moving south.  Building a  force of around 7,000 regulars and 800 Native  Americans, he gave  command of his advance force to Brigadier General Simon Fraser while leadership of the right and left wings of the army went to Major General William  Phillips and Baron Riedesel.  After reviewing his command at Fort Saint-Jean in  mid-June, Burgoyne took to the lake to begin his campaign.  Occupying Crown Point on June  30, his army was effectively screened by Frasers men and the Native Americans. American Response Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, American forces had spent two years improving its defenses.  These included extensive  earthworks across the lake on the Mount Independence peninsula as well as redoubts and  forts on the site of the old French defenses to the  west.  Additionally,  American  forces built a fort atop nearby Mount Hope.  To the southwest, the height of Sugar Loaf (Mount Defiance), which dominated both Fort Ticonderoga and Mount  Independence, was left undefended as it was not believed that artillery could be pulled to the summit.   Major General Arthur St. Clair. Public Domain This point had been challenged by Arnold and Brigadier General Anthony Wayne during earlier stints in the area, but no action was taken. Through the early part of 1777, American  leadership in the region  had been in flux as Major Generals Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates  lobbied for command of the Northern Department.  As this debate continued, oversight  at Fort Ticonderoga fell to Major General Arthur St. Clair.   A veteran of the failed invasion of Canada as well as the victories at Trenton and Princeton, St. Clair possessed around 2,500-3,000 men.  Meeting with Schuyler on June 20, the two men concluded that this force was not sufficient to hold  the Ticonderoga defenses against a determined British attack.  As such, they devised two lines of retreat with one  passing south through Skenesboro and the other heading east toward Hubbardton.  Ã‚  Departing, Schuyler told his subordinate to defend the post for as long as possible before retreating.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777) Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Date: July 2-6, 1777Armies and Commanders:AmericansMajor General Arthur St. Clairapprox. 3,000 menBritishMajor General John Burgoyneapprox. 7,800 menCasualties:Americans: 7 killed and 11 woundedBritish: 5 killed Burgoyne Arrives Moving south on July 2, Burgoyne advanced Fraser and Phillips down the west shore of the lake while Riedesels  Hessians pressed along the east bank with the goal of attacking Mount Independence and cutting the road to Hubbardton.  Sensing danger, St. Clair  withdrew the garrison from  Mount Hope later that morning due to concerns that it  would be isolated and overwhelmed.  Later in the day, British and Native American forces began skirmishing with the Americans in the old  French lines.  In the course of the fighting, a British soldier was captured and St. Clair was  able to learn more about the size of Burgoynes army.  Recognizing the importance of Sugar Loaf,  British engineers ascended the  heights and covertly began clearing space for an artillery emplacement (Map). Baron Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. Public Domain A Difficult Choice: The next morning, Frasers men occupied  Mount Hope while other British forces began dragging guns up Sugar Loaf.  Ã‚  Continuing to work in secret, Burgoyne  hoped to have Riedesel in place on the  Hubbardton Road before the Americans discovered the guns on the heights.  On the evening of July 4, Native American campfires on Sugar Loaf alerted St. Clair to the impending  danger.   With the American defenses exposed to the British guns, he called  a council of war  early on July 5.  Meeting with his commanders, St. Clair made the decision to  abandon the fort and retreat after dark.  As Fort Ticonderoga was a politically important post, he recognized that the withdrawal would badly  damage his reputation but he felt that saving his army  took precedence.   St. Clair  Retreats Gathering a fleet of over 200 boats, St. Clair directed that as many supplies as possible be embarked and sent south to Skenesboro.  Ã‚  While the boats  were escorted south by Colonel Pierse Longs New Hampshire Regiment, St. Clair and the remaining men crossed to Mount Independence before marching down the Hubbardton Road.  Probing the American lines the next morning, Burgoynes troops found them deserted.  Pushing forward, they occupied Fort Ticonderoga and the surrounding works without firing a shot.  Shortly thereafter, Fraser received permission to mount a pursuit of the retreating Americans with Riedesel in support. Aftermath In the Siege of Fort Ticonderoga, St. Clair suffered seven killed and eleven wounded while Burgoyne incurred five killed.  Frasers pursuit resulted in the Battle of Hubbardton on July 7.  Though a British victory, it saw the American rearguard inflict higher casualties as well as accomplish  their mission of covering St. Clairs retreat.   Turning  west, St. Clairs men later rendezvoused with Schuyler at Fort Edward.  As  he predicted,  St. Clairs abandonment of Fort Ticonderoga led to his removal  from  command and contributed to Schuyler being replaced by Gates.  Ã‚  Firmly arguing that his actions had been honorable and were justified, he demanded a court of inquiry which was held in September 1778.  Though exonerated, St. Clair did not receive another field command during the war.   Advancing south after his success at Fort Ticonderoga, Burgoyne was hampered by  difficult  terrain and American efforts to slow his march.  As the campaign season wore on, his plans began  to unravel following a defeat at Bennington and St. Legers failure at the Siege of Fort  Stanwix.  Increasingly  isolated, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his army after being beaten at the Battle of Saratoga that fall.  The American victory proved a turning point in the war and led to the Treaty of Alliance with France.

Patriotism, Federalism, And Nationalism - 992 Words

Patriotism, Federalism, and Nationalism is what keeps America thriving exceptionally. The government was designed to help protect the peace of the land, and to preserve our liberties. An in return Americans patriotic actions demonstrate patriotism, simply by showing respect, love, and support to one another and to the land. Until you are willing to sacrifice it all, for your nation is true love of one’s country. Weather recognizing where your loyalty lie is essential or not. Coming together, working together to secure common goals and interests is the way to go. Knowing you made a difference by serving your country is what makes it yours. However, in this millennium Americans forgot the original concept and value of patriotism, but is loyal to the glory and festivity associated with patriotism. Nevertheless patriotism is much more than carrying around a flag shouting I’m patriotic. It is about dedicating your time and effort to achieve common goals, a noble leader with good intentions that is willing to put the well-being of the nations before any and everything, and the people willing to defend ones country. Nationalism is expressed through patriotism because nationalism is the belief of a particular nation interest and culture. Within the last decade or two American loyalties and cultural sentiment has divided. This is why understanding where your national loyalty lay is important, emotional attachment to more than one country or nation can cause stress, frustration,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Globe And Mail Written By Antonia Maioni926 Words   |  4 Pagessense of nationalism. According to scholar Max Memni Quebec’s nationalism â€Å"is not merely a political construct, nor the mere product of the imaginations of up-and-coming businessmen, intellects, civil servants and politicians eager to replace the departing Anglophone elites† (Memni 3). 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Napoleon’s decision to repeal his blockage decrees in response to Macon’s Bill No. 2 demonstrated how he had been successfully manipulated by President MadisonRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesDelta people over the resources in their territory. Clearly, the repressive laws must be repealed if the leadership of Nigeria is serious about addressing the imbalance in the structure of the country as it presently stands and upholding true federalism. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which is also the continental shelf of Nigeria is first and foremost part of a state’s boundary before it is Nigeria’s territory. The off-shore/on-shore dichotomy is therefore a glaring case of injustice and itsRead MoreHistory of Pakistan18783 Words   |  76 Pagesthe product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab trader s had introduced the new religionRead MoreInternal Threats to Pakistan10157 Words   |  41 Pagesindependence, Pakistan has confronted many dissentions within the society, which emerged out of the following psychosocial environments existing at that time: - a. Ideology. Pakistan came into being on the basis of two-nation theory. The clash of nationalism in India was based on a psychological conflict that was equally fought on the fields of politics as well as in the minds of the Muslims.[3] The hopes, aspirations and desires of the Muslims of India were to build Pakistan on the basis of Islamic

Sustainability Marketing Global Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Marketing for Global Perspective. Answer: Introduction: Central Queensland University is and an Australia based dual sector university which is popularly known as CQ University. The main campus is in North Rock Hampton which is in Queensland. The motive of the university is Forever Learning. The university was founded in 1967 in Rock Hampton by the name of Queensland Institute of Technology which was known as QIT (CQ University, 2017a). The university has its campuses across Australia. After the year 2009, the institution has shown tremendous growth. The company has shown a great growth in many areas like the new courses, infrastructure, and number of students, development of new campuses and the reputation of the institution among the other universities of Australia. Moreover, it is emerging as great universities of Australia (CQ University, 2017b). The values of the university are a combination of openness, engagement, inclusiveness, leadership and a can do attitude which connects with the stakeholders and builds strong relationships. T he mission is to innovate and make better the delivery of both the distance and campus learning across the whole of Australia (CQ University, 2017c). Australia is a great option for undergraduate and postgraduate courses which offer opportunities with respect to the studies and jobs. It is one of the attractive places when it comes to education for both types of students whether they are local or international students. The local based students are the ones who are make a major market share of the university. The university has ranked on the 12th position with respect to the research excellence which is good enough in attracting the students who are interested in research work. The university also offers scholarships, allowances and grants to those potential students who have the ability of performing well. The survey results of the students from all the fields clearly depicts from the table given below that the students are well satisfied. Student Survey Results qut Biz Satisfied % 86 Health Satisfied % 84.2 Arts Satisfied % 82.9 Science Satisfied % 82.1 Biz Teaching % 83.1 Health Teaching % 84.4 Arts Teaching % 83.2 Science Teaching % 85.1 Biz Exper % 82.3 Health Exper % 80.2 Arts Exper % 81.1 Science Exper % 85 (Source: Australian Education Network, 2017). Segmentation and target market The CQ University has emerged as an overall learning institution which gives the students the opportunity to try out their hands in any field of their interest. The university is attaining a popular name among the local students in the Australian education system. The segmentation is the geographical segmentation which offers their products to students from all over the world without showing any concern to the geographical boundaries. The target markets are the students from all the diversities as they will strengthen the background of the university by taking people from all over the world with different social, economic and cultural backgrounds (Nijssen Frambach, 2013). Current marketing mix analyses Marketing mix is referred as a strategic tool which will helps any organisation in differentiating from that of its competitors (Wood, 2008). The products that are offered by the CQ University are the courses that they offer and further they are being selected and pursued by the students on the basis of their interests and needs. The price of the university is affordable which does not deprive students from education. Moreover, the university also offers scholarships and allowances to the students in need. The place mix is the locations on which the university has opened its branches across Australia which are Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. These are the metropolitan campuses which have students from both international and national boundaries. The promotion mix of the university is the ways through which the students will get attracted. There are various websites, online sources, newspapers and rankings given by education networks of Australia will be helpful in the promotional techniques (Belz Peattie, 2009). Further the three Ps are people, process and physical evidence applies to the services industry. People refer to those who deliver the services to the customers. In this case the customers are the students and the people will be the lecturers, administrative staff and non-teaching staff. In such kind of industry the major role is played by people only. The appointment of teachers is done in a very critical manner which brings out the best of the people in the university (Goi, 2009). Processes are the mechanisms which help in the delivery of the services. Processes are the ways which teaches the students use the equipment of the labs and classes. The more the knowledge are given to students the better will be their learning and grasping power. The arrangement of the educational and informal trips will help the students to concentrate easily on studies as they will be given proper space to express and explore. The facilities should be up to date especially for the research students so that they do not find any hindrances in their work. Physical evidence is the infrastructure of the university, the education that they deliver to students, the other co-curricular activities which help them to get an overall exposure and experiences of different fields. The other campuses also give the students as feeling of pride that they are a part of that institution which has a nag to grow always. PEST analysis The PEST analysis comprises of political, economic, social and technological factors which are the external factors. The political factors include the laws that are made by the Australian government in relation to the students coming from other countries for admission in Australian Universities. Overall, the government is happy with the international students increment as it is economically beneficial for the country. The increase in the research work in universities has been forced by the government in order to get more quality work. The economic factors are sound as Australia as an economy has grown over the period of time. The local students taking admissions have increased. Also, students from developing nations are promising markets who are very much interested in investing in education. They are growing economically as well which motivates them to study abroad (Cadle, Paul Turner, 2010). The social factors are the changing culture of countries when it comes to education. As these days, people are interested in studying abroad in international universities which will give them an international exposure. Also they will get to learn about a countrys culture and people. The technological factors include how well the university is developed or not. The infrastructure of the university and its various campuses, how well they are equipped, do they use latest technology and are their teachers and staff who are well verse in using such devices (Cadle, Paul Turner, 2010). Competitor analysis In Australia itself, there are other universities which pose a threat to the University. Universities like New Castle, New South Wales, University of Adelaide etc. are the ones which stand in direct competition with the CQ University. The university has been given four stars by the Australia Education Network out of the five stars. It is also given 12th position under the domestic Excellence in Research Australia system. By all these, it can be said that the university holds a good and competitive position from that of the other players in the industry. The SWOT analysis comprises of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organisation. The strengths of the university is its presence at multiple locations in Australia which gives it an advantage of reaching out to more domestic students and also the more number of campuses are efficient in attracting more number of students. The weakness of the university is that they should not get satisfied with their rankings that they have got from the various universities rather they should constantly strive and improve their standards in order to compete with other universities and get a name in other countries also (Hollensen, 2015). The opportunity can be their introduction of placement programs in the university which will help them to attract more students from all over the world. Students from different parts of the country will strengthen the student base and quality of the university. The threat to the university is the minimal fees which they offer to the students as it can deprive their economic position. There can be fraudulent cases also with respect to the privileges that are being offered by the university to students in need (Katz Green, 2009). Value Brand Proposition The best part that adds to the brand value of the university is its different courses which are offered to individuals with different needs and interests. It depicts a good picture of the university that the courses which they offer are not restricted and rigid rather they are very unique as there are short term, long term, diplomas, degrees, professional courses, vocational courses and especial focus on the research opportunity and accordingly facilities are provided. Segmentation and targeting the international students along with the local ones is another value addition that is done by the university (Australian Education Network, 2017). Conclusion From the above the discussion it can be concluded that the CQ University is high on its vision and values which constantly drive them in achieving the its idea of diversity and inclusiveness. The strength of the university is its infrastructure and the huge number of courses that they offer. The university should make plans with respect to marketing in order to gain global recognition. The university should work on their research facilities more and more so that they make a step forward in the field of research work that is done in the universities in Australia. References Australian Education Network. (2017). Queensland University of Technology. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/compare-universities.php?uni%5B%5D=qutsubmit=SUBMIT. Belz, F. M., Peattie, K. (2009). Sustainability marketing: A global perspective. Chichester: Wiley. Cadle, J., Paul, D., Turner, P. (2010). Business analysis techniques: 72 essential tools for success. BCS, The Chartered Institute. CQ University. (2017a). University History. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/university-history. CQ University. (2017b). About University. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity. CQ University. (2017c). Vision and Values. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/vision-and-values. Goi, C. L. (2009). A review of marketing mix: 4Ps or more?. International journal of marketing studies, 1(1), 2. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Katz, J. A., Green, R. P. (2009). Entrepreneurial small business (Vol. 200). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Nijssen, E.J., Frambach, R.T. (2013). Creating Customer Value Through Strategic Marketing Planning: A Management Approach. Springer Science Business Media. Wood, M. B. (2008). The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Pascals Triangle Essays - Blaise Pascal, Combinatorics,

Pascals Triangle Pascal's Triangle Blas? Pacal was born in France in 1623. He was a child prodigy and was fascinated by mathematics. When Pascal was 19 he invented the first calculating machine that actually worked. Many other people had tried to do the same but did not succeed. One of the topics that deeply interested him was the likelihood of an event happening (probability). This interest came to Pascal from a gambler who asked him to help him make a better guess so he could make an educated guess. In the coarse of his investigations he produced a triangular pattern that is named after him. The pattern was known at least three hundred years before Pascal had discover it. The Chinese were the first to discover it but it was fully developed by Pascal (Ladja , 2). Pascal's triangle is a triangluar arrangement of rows. Each row except the first row begins and ends with the number 1 written diagonally. The first row only has one number which is 1. Beginning with the second row, each number is the sum of the number written just above it to the right and the left. The numbers are placed midway between the numbers of the row directly above it. If you flip 1 coin the possibilities are 1 heads (H) or 1 tails (T). This combination of 1 and 1 is the firs row of Pascal's Triangle. If you flip the coin twice you will get a few different results as I will show below (Ladja, 3): Let's say you have the polynomial x+1, and you want to raise it to some powers, like 1,2,3,4,5,.... If you make a chart of what you get when you do these power-raisins, you'll get something like this (Dr. Math, 3): (x+1)^0 = 1 (x+1)^1 = 1 + x (x+1)^2 = 1 + 2x + x^2 (x+1)^3 = 1 + 3x + 3x^2 + x^3 (x+1)^4 = 1 + 4x + 6x^2 + 4x^3 + x^4 (x+1)^5 = 1 + 5x + 10x^2 + 10x^3 + 5x^4 + x^5 ..... If you just look at the coefficients of the polynomials that you get, you'll see Pascal's Triangle! Because of this connection, the entries in Pascal's Triangle are called the binomial coefficients.There's a pretty simple formula for figuring out the binomial coefficients (Dr. Math, 4): n! [n:k] = -------- k! (n-k)! 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 For example, [6:3] = ------------------------ = 20. 3 * 2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 1 The triangular numbers and the Fibonacci numbers can be found in Pascal's triangle. The triangular numbers are easier to find: starting with the third one on the left side go down to your right and you get 1, 3, 6, 10, etc (Swarthmore, 5) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 The Fibonacci numbers are harder to locate. To find them you need to go up at an angle: you're looking for 1, 1, 1+1, 1+2, 1+3+1, 1+4+3, 1+5+6+1 (Dr. Math, 4). Another thing I found out is that if you multiply 11 x 11 you will get 121 which is the 2nd line in Pascal's Triangle. If you multiply 121 x 11 you get 1331 which is the 3rd line in the triangle (Dr. Math, 4). If you then multiply 1331 x 11 you get 14641 which is the 4th line in Pascal's Triangle, but if you then multiply 14641 x 11 you do not get the 5th line numbers. You get 161051. But after the 5th line it doesn't work anymore (Dr. Math, 4). Another example of probability: Say there are four children Annie, Bob, Carlos, and Danny (A, B, C, D). The teacher wants to choose two of them to hand out books; in how many ways can she choose a pair (ladja, 4)? 1.A & B 2.A & C 3.A & D 4.B & C 5.B & D 6.C & D There are six ways to make a choice of a pair. If the teacher wants to send three students: 1.A, B, C 2.A, B, D 3.A, C, D 4.B, C, D If the teacher wants to send a group of K children where K may range from 0-4; in how many ways will she choose the children K=0 1 way (There is only

The Basics of a Student Teacher Resume

The Basics of a Student Teacher Resume Its important to think of your student teaching resume as your best marketing tool. This sheet of paper can be the key to getting a teaching job. Use the following tips as a guide as you develop your teaching resume. The Basics The following four headers are a must-have. The other options below should only be added if you have the experience in that particular area. →Identification→Certification→Education→Experience Identification This information should start your resume off concisely and should be printed using a font size of 12 or 14; this will help your name stand out. The best fonts to use are Arial or New Times Roman. Your identification section should include: NamePhone number ( if you have a cell phone number add that too)Address (if you have a permanent and a current address then list both of them)Email Certification This is where you list all of your certifications and endorsements that you have, each one should be on a separate line. If you are not certificated yet, then list the certification and the date that you are expected to receive it. Example: New York State Initial Certification, Expected May 2013 Education Make sure you include the following: If you are a recent or upcoming graduate then this section should be on top.Make sure you know the degree that you will be receiving and list it correctly.Include your GPA if it is 3.0 or above.Tutored students pre-k through 12th grade in reading and math.Teaching Related Experience: This section would include paid or unpaid experience that you had working with children. This can include tutor, sports coach, camp counselor, etc. Under each position list a few bullet-ed statements about what you accomplished during that position.Examples:Tutor, Huntington Learning Center, Kenmore, New York, Summer 2009.Teachers Aid, 123 Preschool, Tonawanda, New York, Fall, 2010.Oversaw the safety and care of childrenInteractive Field Experience: This section is where you add your student teaching experience. Make sure you include the grade you worked with and subject. Include specific examples of what you did with the students.Examples:Worked individually with students to develop reading skills throu gh interactive games.Developed and implemented an interdisciplinary social studies unit for a bilingual classroom.Lessons involved cooperative learning, language experience approach, hands-on experiences, and interdisciplinary teaching. Volunteer Experience/Community Service: List experiences that you had in which you supported people, communities or services. This can range from religious organizations to fundraising.Work Experience: This section is where you can include relevant experience that you had in other industries. Focus on skills that you can use in the classroom such as managing, training, public speaking, etc.Examples:Trained new employees in Search Engine Optimization.Managed payroll for company name. If you have not graduated yet, then list your anticipated or expected degree. Here are some following examples: Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Expected May 2103.Master of Science in Education, State University of New York College at Buffalo, May 2013. Experience This section is the most important part of your resume. Only include experience that is relevant and that demonstrates your skills and achievements. There are a few headers that you can use in this section. Choose the option that you have the most experience working with students in. If you have a lot of experience, then you can add more than one section. Additional Optional Sections The following sections are optional. Only add additional headers if you think it will add appeal to your prospective employer. Honors: Deans List, Scholarships, anything related to teaching.Special Skills: Ability to speak a second language, proficient in computers.Professional Memberships: List any educational associations you belong to.Related Coursework: List any advanced relevant classes you have taken.

Teaching Functional Skills to Students with Disabilities

Teaching Functional Skills to Students with Disabilities Teaching functional skills will look very differently depending on the age and level of   function of the students.   With young students with disabilities, it is really a matter of creating structure for acquiring those skills not that long after their typical peers.   Still, success in those skills are a mile marker those students need to put behind.   In many cases parents over function for their children with disabilities, and it is often left to the special educator to encourage and coach the parent through self dressing, tooth brushing and the other skills required for independence.   For older students with more significant disabilities, it is incumbent on their teachers to address those functional needs in the present levels of their IEP’s and create programs that lead to success in the functional areas.   These are unquestionably essential for helping students with disabilities reach their full potential, for if they can’t care for their own teeth or dress themselves, they will be unable to live in a supervised group situation that will offer them the possibility of employment and their own highest level of independence. Functional Skills These skills are skills our students need to master before they can truly develop independence: Self Care DressingTooth BrushingWashing   HandsEating with UtensilsBathing Housekeeping Skills Washing tablesLoading the DishwasherMaking the BedElements of a Program to Successfully Address Functional Skills Task Analysis: Breaking it Down Applied Behavior Analysis talks about the â€Å"topography† of behaviors, and there is nowhere the need is clearer than in teaching functional skills.   A task analysis will be the foundation of your data collection and even the way you define success in your student’s IEP.  Ã‚   It is essential not only that you describe each discrete step in the process, but that you do it in a way that is clear to anyone, i.e. aides, substitutes, substitute aides, and parents can clearly understand.   It is also important to also understand the student:   do they have good receptive language?   Will they respond to modeling or will they need hand over hand prompting?   Have you chosen vocabulary to describe the tasks that you can make part of a simple visual or picture prompting system?   Sample:   Pencil Sharpening You will find task analyses attached to the articles about these skills.   For our purposes, I will make a simple task analysis for a skill they will want in the classroom. Then the student identifies that his/her pencil needs sharpening, he/she will:   Raise hand and request trip to the sharpenerWalk quietly to the sharpener.Insert pencil in the correct opening.Push the pencil in, until the red light on top lights.Remove the pencil.Look at the point.   Is it sharp enough?  If yes, return quietly to seat.   If no, repeat steps 3, 4, and 5.   Teach Each Part of the Task There are three ways to teach functional multi-step skills:   Forward, backward and whole skill chaining.   This is the one place your knowledge of your student will be critical.  Ã‚   Using either forward or backward chaining, your goal needs to be sure the student feels successful at each step he or she masters.   For some students, backward chaining is the best, especially when preparing food, because that step leads immediately to the reinforcement: the pancake, or the grilled cheese sandwich.  Ã‚   For some students, you will be able to prompt each step verbally, or with pictures (see social stories!) and they may be able to master all the steps without the visual prompts after only a few probes (or grilled cheese sandwiches!)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other students will benefit from completing each step as they learn it, and then prompting or modeling the subsequent steps.   This is a great way to teach a skill to students who may have great receptive language, but may have some difficulty with executive function, especially when it comes to remembering multi-stepped activities. Assessment As a special educator, you want to be sure that you have evidence that you have met the goal that should accompany the need expressed in the Present Levels.   A well written task analysis will provide a great platform for assessing student success.   Be sure that you have operationalized each step so anyone observing the student would check off the same items (inter-observer reliability.)

Are traffic cameras an invasion of privacy Assignment

Are traffic cameras an invasion of privacy - Assignment Example Before they can drive they are required to have a driving license and by acquiring this document they are abiding by the traffic rules which state that an individual will not drive past a red light. The US circuit court of appeal ruled in a case in 2009 that ‘no one has a fundamental right to run a red light or avoid being seen by a camera on a public street’ (Parveen Idris v. City of Chicago Illinois, 2009). In the event that a driver does this the camera is part of the traffic surveillance system and thus is programmed to capture the image of the offender. The driver will have broken traffic rules. According to the Insurance Institute for highway safety driving is regulated by law and the cameras only capture the people on the wrong side of the traffic rules. They capture the license plate of the vehicle or in other cases as permitted by the law they may be allowed to capture the image of the driver (IIHS, 2011). The law also states that it will be considered an intrusion of privacy if any individual is captured without them knowing (BBB Inc, 2010). In this instance the drivers are always aware that there are cameras installed on highway intersections and in case they cross under a red light they will be captured by the camera. Because they understand the existence of the camera and why it is placed there this cannot be considered an intrusion of privacy unless the camera has been placed there to monitor their activities in the vehicle which is not the case. In many public places there are cameras placed for security purposes, they record people and activities but this is done when the people are aware they are being recorded. In Canada for example the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents act states that unless in very extreme circumstances such surveillance is considered legal when the people who are being monitored are aware that

The Relationship between Internet Activities and Depressive Symptoms Essay

The Relationship between Internet Activities and Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of College Freshmen - Essay Example Firstly, a review of the literature indicting a link between high Internet usage and depression shall be presented. Secondly, research that has found a connection between Internet usage and social phobia and anxiety will be provided, as well as studies that argue for Internet use as a psychological support. Next, sub-groups that appear to be most affected by high Internet use shall be identified. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of this paper and make recommendations for future research. Many research papers investigating the effects of the Internet on individual psychology have pointed to its 'over-use' or addictive characteristics as a factor that maintains experiences of depression or other psychopathologies (Campbell, 2003). Recent figures estimate 20 million North Americans annually experience episodes of depression (Morgan & Cotton, 2003). For many North Americans, access to the Internet is easily available, many people owning a PC and having Internet access, or are able to access the Internet through schools, universities, Internet cafes, public libraries, their place of work, or even their mobile phones (Campbell, 2003; Sanders, Field, Diego & Kaplan, 2000). It has been argued that high use of the Internet is replacing time spent socializing, and subsequently access to social support mechanisms essential to psychological health, such as time with family and friends (Campbell, 2003).In a recent study of North American Internet users, 'high' Internet use was d efined as a users who spent three hours or more a day engaging with the world wide web. In contrast, 'low' Internet users were defined as people who spent less than one and a half hours a day on the web (Kraut et al., 1998 as cited in Sanders et al., 2000). A two-year longitudinal study investigated the use of Internet amongst families that had not previously owned a PC or were accessing the Internet on a regular basis (Kraut et al., 1998 as cited in Sanders et al., 2000). Results showed that higher levels of Internet use were positively related to a decrease in family interactions, as well as a reduction in social networks. A survey study utilized the Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI) as on online instrument to investigate the relationship between depression and high Internet use (Young & Rogers, 1998 as cited in Sanders et al., 2000). It was found that the average BDI scores of respondents who had been identified as high users, was between the mild to moderately depressed rang e of scores. Although another survey study undertaken by Sanders and colleagues (2000) found that adolescents who were high Internet users did not significantly experience more episodes of depression. However, interpretation of the results was tentative as the depression scale used, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), may not have been sensitive enough to detect depression symptoms in teenagers. It was also found that low Internet users experienced much more interactive and rewarding relationships with their friends and family.Alternatively, literature has also identified a relationship between high Internet use and other negative psychological experiences, such as social phobia and anxiety (Campbell, 2003). A study by Campbell (2003) investigated the relationship between social phobia and anxiety, as well as depression, and high levels of Interne

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Example for Free

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Culture enables people to adjust to their physical as well as social environment. Culture enables the members of society to develop ways of coping with the exigencies of nature as well as ways of harnessing their environment. People also have to learn to relate themselves with others in order to survive. As Schwartz (1998:48) pointed out, the culture of any society represents an adaptation or adjustment to the various conditions of life, including their physical, social, and supernatural environment. No culture is completely static. Every culture is in constant flux; and the changes represent adjustments to the environment. Culture changes at different rates. The changes occur as a result of discoveries, inventions, and cultural borrowing. In some areas, control of the natural environment has been pursued to a point that the society has become endangered. Natural resources, such as bodies of water, forests, plant and animal life and minerals, have been so exploited that the environment is close to destruction. The acceptance of change depends on the exposure of the members of society to new ideas and ways different from their own and their opportunity to accept ideas and ways through diffusion. United States and Japan are belonging to different continents, locations and have different set of people; however, these two countries have similarities in some ways. Its people adapt and practice different cultures. Its culture shapes the behaviors and characteristics of its people that will make them noticeable that these groups of people are come from United States and Japan. Thesis Statement: This study will conduct a cross cultural psychology comparison of Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan; thus, describes its functions, similarities and differences. II. Discussion A. Its culture, similarities and differences o United States There are a lot of groups of people that reside in United States; whites made up 83. 2 percent of the populations; blacks 11. 7 percent; American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts 0. 6 percent; Asian and Pacific Islanders 1. 5 percent; and other nonwhites 3. 0 percent. The nonwhite groups are concentrated in various parts of the country. Freedom in matters of education and the right of every child to have an education are basic principles in the United States. Unlike many other nations, the United States does not have a central or federal system of education, Establishing and administering public schools is one of the powers exercised by each state (Fritsch, 2001). The state, in turn, delegates much of this responsibility to local school districts. Literacy in the United States is high just like in Japan. In comparison to Japan (which only has two major religions), no other country in the world has a greater variety of religions, communions, denominations, and sects than the United States. More than 220 religious bodies report membership figures. Nearly all branches of Christianity and almost all Protestant denominations are represented. Japan and United States has the same views when it comes to religion (Katzman, 2003). The United States also believe that religious freedom and separation of church and state should be made. Government cannot interfere with religion or show preference for one religion over another. It cannot set up an official, or established, church, nor give support to any religion or to all religions. In the early days of the republic, United States artists and writers were generally regarded as inferior to those in Europe. Be the end of the 19th century, however, an independent national literature of high quality had been established by renowned writers (O’Neill, 2004). Music in the United States was strongly influenced by European music, and study in Europe was considered a necessary part of musical training far into the 20th century. America’s most influential contribution to music was jazz, a form originated by blacks and based on African rhythms. The musical which evolved from burlesque and operetta, was another American innovation. For many years, architects in the United States simply adapted European styles to American climate, landscape, and materials. The favorable economic position and amount of leisure enjoyed by the people of the United States give them unusual opportunities for recreation. Paid vacations became the rule for most industrial and office workers. The most popular outdoor spectator sports are football and baseball. Horse racing and automobile racing have large followings (Kurelek, 2005). o Japan The Japanese people are largely of Mongoloid stock, but little is known about their specific origin. Successive groups of migrating Asians from the mainland are believed to have settled on the islands some time before 300 A. D. Confronting them were the islands’ earliest known inhabitants— the Ainus, a Japanese people have developed from the mingling of these different ethnic groups. Only a few hundred full-blooded Ainus remain, on Hokkaido. Japanese culture is partly of Chinese origin and partly indigenous, for the Japanese adapted and did not merely imitate the culture of the mainland. Since the middle of the 19th century, Japan has been influenced more by the culture of Western countries than by that of its neighbors (Morton, 2004). Adoption of many Western ways produced sharp contrasts between the new and the old. Buildings and clothing, for example, are now seen in both traditional and Western styles. Among forces that have helped to mold the Japanese character are Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian religious beliefs, the effects of a long feudal period, and the influences of the Japanese industrial revolution. With industrialization came a change from rural to urban living. American influences have been particularly strong since World War II (Smith, 2005). Moreover, its art has been strongly influenced too by Chinese art. From the mainland came the technique of ink painting on silk and the Buddhist influences in sculpture and painting. Flourishing throughout Japan are no, classical plays in which the actors wear masks depicting their character; bunraku, puppet plays; and kabuki, drama with stylized chanting and dancing. An important part of Japanese culture is the tea ceremony, a highly formal ritual, of which there are many variations. As a way of entertaining guests, it is regarded as the best expression of traditional etiquette. Some of the traditional arts—especially classical Japanese music and dance and the tea ceremony—are part of the repertoire of geisha, female entertainers who perform for groups of men. In addition, the family is a traditional and strong institution in Japan. It has a formal structure with authority vested in the male head of the family. The wife is expected to be subservient. Children learn discipline and their respective roles in the family at an early age. Sons are given preference over daughters, and the eldest son is superior to all others (Elkin, 2004). However, many of the more repressive aspects of the family, such as that of parents determining marriages, have weakened since World War II. Japanese homes are noted for their simplicity. Nearly all are built of wood. In many homes, paper-covered wooden frames, called shoji, are used for windows and doors. Being light and easily moved, they allow much of the house to be opened to the out-of-doors. Some homes are adjoined by landscaped gardens. Rooms usually have thick mats, called tatami, on the floor and very little furniture (Elkin, 2004). With regards to Japanese language and religion, the Japanese language is unrelated to other Oriental tongues. However, it is written in characters that originally adapted from Chinese writing. Furthermore, like in the United States, the Japanese constitution provides for freedom of religion and separation of church and state. The two major religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Many Japanese adhere, in varying degrees, to both. With regards to their education, six years elementary education and three of lower secondary school are free and compulsory for children 6 to 15 years of age. At the three-year upper secondary schools, tuition is charged. Education in Japan is highly competitive, and admission to upper secondary school and to college is determined by rigorous entrance examination. As a result, many Japanese children spend their after-school hours attending jukas, â€Å"cram† schools that specialize in preparing students for entrance examinations and other school tests. Japan has virtually no illiteracy (Christopher, 2003). III. Conclusion In conclusion, as I study the two different cultures, I have realized that United States and Japan have some similarities when it comes to their origin. Japan was most influenced by the Westerners and its origin was contributed by other indigenous groups and so is with United States. Everything that we can see from the Japanese and American culture are already been modified by other influences. However, in spite of the strong adaptation of different culture, Japanese remained their being family-oriented. They value the essence of having a united family; thus, a well-structured family role is formed so that each member can have its function. Unlike with the United States, it is very much influenced by the European settlers and based their competencies in European countries. Its culture is more focused on its development to the extent that internal competencies are suffered. I would say that Japanese culture is superb compared to United States because Japan is able to maintain their traditional ways in spite of economic development. Reference: 1. Fritsch, A. J. (2001). The Ethnic Atlas of the United States (Facts on File). 2. Katzman, D. M. (2003). Plain Folks: the Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans (University of Illinois). 3. O’Neill, Thomas. (2003). Back Roads America: a Portfolio of Her People (National Geographic Society). 4. Kurelek, William (2005). They Sought a New World: the Story of European Immigration to North America (Tundra Books). 5. Morton, W. S. (2004). Japan: Its History and Culture (McGraw-Hill). 6. Smith, R. J. (2005). Japanese Society: Tradition, Self, and the Social Order (Cambridge University). 7. Elkin, Judith. (2004). A Family in Japan (Lerner). 8. Christopher, R. C. (2003). The Japanese Mind: the Goliath Explained (Linden Press).

Contrasting Ralph and Jack in Lord of the Flies Essay -- comparison co

Contrasting Ralph and Jack in Lord of the Flies Ralph and Jack are both powerful and meaningful characters in William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies. Ralph is an excellent leader; responsible, and stands for all that is good. Jack is a destructive hunter, selfish, and represents evil. These two main characters can be compared by the actions they take as leaders, their personalities, and what they symbolize in the story. Ralph first takes on the position as leader at the beginning of the story, when the rest of the boys vote him in as chief. He carries this position until Jack and his fellow hunters break away from the group. Ralph makes it his job to set out the rules to organize a society. Ralph always thinks of what is best for everyone and how they will all benefit from his decisions. Rules and standards are set when Ralph is the chief. He orders the group to build the basic necessities of civilization, shelters, and most importantly to keep the fire going, in hope that they will be rescued and return to humanity. "But I tell you that smoke is more important than the pig, however often you kill one" (Golding 75). Jack, on the other hand, takes on the idea of every man for himself. He does not care about making homes, only about hunting. When Jack is the leader, evil takes over and all good is destroyed. Under Jack's power both Simon and Piggy are killed. Not only do the two character's decisions clash so do their personalities. Ralph is caring and considerate, being kinder... ...nclusion. 2. While the body of your paper sticks to your thesis statement, it could be better organized. Since your organize your paper into three paragraphs, one concerning the boys' leadership, another their personalities and another their symbolism, each paragraph should be organized in the same manner. If you discuss Ralph first in the first paragraph then you should begin with Ralph in the other two paragraphs. Also you should fully discuss each character before moving on to the other. Switching back and forth can become confusing. 3. The correct method for quoting is "The conch is gone" (Golding 200). Instead of, "The conch is gone (Golding 200)." The parentheses are considered a part of the last sentence but not a part of the quote itself, so it should be included into the punctuation but not the quotation marks.

Repeat purchasers

The legal environment of foreign marketing takes an added dimension of importance since there is no single uniform commercial law which governs foreign business transactions. † – Comment. International marketers must be aware of the legal environments that they operate in. As there is no uniform international law regarding business transactions, companies can find themselves wasting money or in legal issues if they do not operate according to the laws in the specific countries they are in.The customs, politics, and geography vary greatly from country to country and are affected by the gal environment. It is extremely important that international markers are aware of this added dimension and are prepared. No single, uniform international commercial law governs foreign business transactions. The foundation of a legal system Profoundly affects how the law is written, interpreted, and adjudicated Laws governing business activities within and between countries An integral par t of the legal environment of international business .Four heritages form the basis for the majority of the legal systems of the world Common law, Civil or code law, Islamic law, and Marxist-socialist tenets Common law Derived from English law. England, U. S. , Canada and countries who were once under the English influence. Seeks interpretation through the past decisions of higher courts which interpret the same statues. Applies established and customary law principles to a similar set of facts Civil or Code law derived from Roman law.Germany, Japan, France and non-lilacs and non-Marxist countries. All-inclusive system of written rules (codes) of law: Legal system is generally divided into three separate codes 1 . ) Commercial 2. ) Civil 3. ) Criminal Ownership is determined by registration. Considered complete as a result of catchall revisions found in most code-law systems Islamic law Places emphasis on the ethical, moral, social, and religious dimensions to enhance equality and f airness for the good of society. The basis is the interpretation of the Koran.Islamic law defines a complete system that prescribes specific patterns of social and economic behavior for all individuals: 1 . ) Property rights 2. ) Economic decision making 3. ) Types of economic freedom Islamic law This system prohibits investment in a business dealing with Alcohol, gambling and casinos In order to comply with Islamic Law following are terms that are frequently use: Trade with markup or cost-plus sale and leasing. These practices enable borrowers and lenders to share in the rewards as well as the losses in an equitable fashion.The international marketer must know the religion's system of belief and understand how the law is interpreted in each region Marxist-socialist Tenets of Russia and the Republics of the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. Legal system centered on the economic, political and social policies of the state. Now more directly involved in trade with non-Ma rxist countries Differences among the 4 law systems Due process may vary. Individual interpretation may vary Fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law. Combination of several legal systems. U. S. Sees both common and code law Marxist-socialist tenets strictly subordinate to prevailing economics conditions. Private ownership, contracts, due process and other legal mechanisms need to be developed. Russia and China differ because Each has taken a different direction in its political economic growth. Russia is moving toward a Democratic System. China is trying to activate a private sector within a mixed economy in a socialist legal framework Jurisdiction in International Legal Disputes No Judicial body exists to deal with legal commercial problems arising between citizens of different countries.Legal disputes can arise in three situations: 1 . ) Between governments 2. ) Between a company and a government 3. ) Between two companies Jurisdiction is generally determined on the basis of: Jurisdictional clauses included in contracts, Where a contract was entered into, Where the provisions of the contract were performed Jurisdictional Clause â€Å"That the parties hereby agree that the agreement is made in Oregon, USA, and that any question regarding this agreement shall be governed by the law of the state of Oregon, USA† Types of International Disputes Buyer refuses to pay.Product is inferior quality. Shipment arrives late Steps when a dispute arises†¦ Resolve the issue informally, Conciliation aka Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation a nonbinding agreement between parties to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences. Sessions are private and all conferences between parties and the mediator are confidential. In all conciliation agreements An arbitration clause should be included The popularity of arbitration has led to a proliferation of orbital centers. Established by countries, organizations, and institutions.Inter-American Commer cial Arbitration Commission. Canadian-American Commercial Arbitration Commission (for disputes between Canadian and U. S. Businesses). London Court of Arbitration (decisions are enforceable under English law and English courts). American Arbitration Association. International Chamber of Commerce (select Arbitration) Arbitration clauses require agreement on two counts 1 . To arbitrate in the case of a dispute according to the rules and procedures of some arbitration tribunal. 2. To abide by the awards resulting from the arbitrationContracts and other legal documents should include clauses specifying the use of arbitration to settle disputes Problems with Arbitration Companies may refuse to: 1 Name arbitrators 2. ) Arbitrate 3. ) After arbitration awards are made companies may refuse to honor the award 4. ) In most countries, arbitration clauses are recognized by the courts and are enforceable by law within those countries Deterrents to litigation Fear of creating a poor image and dam aging public relations. Fear of unfair treatment in a foreign court.Difficulty in collecting a Judgment that may otherwise eave been collected in a mutually agreed settlement through arbitration. The relatively high cost and time required when bringing legal action. Loss of confidentiality 4 recommended steps for settling disputes Try to placate the injured party. Conciliate. Arbitrate. Litigate Companies spend millions of dollars establishing brand names or trademarks To symbolize quality and design. To entice customers Millions are spent on research To develop products, processes, designs, and formulas Lost sales from the unauthorized use of U. S. Tents, trademarks, and copyrights Amount to more than $100 billion annually Counterfeits anger from copies that have the same efficacy as the original to those with few or no active ingredients, to those made of harmful substances Inadequate Protection Failing to adequately protect intellectual property rights can lead to the legal loss of rights in potentially profitable markets A company that believes it can always establish ownership in another country by proving it used the trademark or brand name first is wrong and risks the loss of these assets It is best to protect intellectual property rights through registration In the U.S. , a Common-law country, ownership of intellectual property rights is established by prior use versus registration International Conventions Three major aspects: Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Inter- American Convention, Madrid Arrangement All countries have laws regulating marketing activities Promotion, Product development, Labeling, Pricing, Channels of distribution Discrepancies across markets cause problems for trade negotiators – particularly for managers and their firms U. S. Does not allow the buying or selling of human organs. Some countries only have a few marketing laws with lax enforcement.Others have detailed, complicated rules that are st ringently enforced 0 Advertising comparisons in advertisements are always subject to the competitor's right to go to the courts and ask for proof of any implied or stated superiority Green marketing laws Focus on environmentally friendly products and Focus on product packaging and its effect on solid waste management Antitrust a lot of the 20th century it was Nonexistent and Not enforced in most of the world's countries (U. S. Was exception) U. S. Laws Apply in Host Countries Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, National security laws, Antibiotics law, Extraterritoriality of U.S. Laws and Antitrust laws 0 00 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties 0 00 National security laws Prohibit a U. S. Company, its subsidiaries, Joint ventures, or licensees to sell controlled products without special permission from the U. S. Antibiotics law U. S. Companies are forbidden to participate in any unauthorized forei gn boycott. Required to report any request to cooperate with a boycott Extraterritoriality of U. S. Laws Especially important to U. S. Multinational firms.Foreign governments fear the influence of American government policy on their economies through U. S. Multinationals What is illegal for an American business at home can also be illegal by U. S. Law in foreign Jurisdictions for the firm, subsidiaries and licensees of U. S. Technology Cybercafà © – Unresolved Issues Supersaturates (CSS), Taxes, and Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contracts Taxes In the past, a company was deemed to have a taxable presence in a country if it had a permanent establishment there The E Commission Proposes value-added tax (VAT) Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contractsThe EX. Commission has adopted an e-commerce directive that will permit online retailers to trade by the rules of their home country unless the seller had enticed or approached the consumer by way of advertising S upersaturates buy and register descriptive nouns, geographic names, and names of ethnic groups and pharmaceutical substances, and other similar descriptors and hold them until they can be sold at an inflated price Businesses face a multitude of problems in their efforts to develop successful marketing programs Varying legal systems of the world and their effect on business orientations Legal questions must also be considered Jurisdictional and legal recourse in disputes. Protection of intellectual property rights. Extended U. S. Law enforcement Enforcement of antitrust legislation by U. S. And foreign governments Q . International marketing research and market research are Synonymous, since the research process is basically the same whether applied in USA. , U. K. , Japan or India? † Critically examine this statement. Marketing research process Stage 1: Formulating the Marketing Research Problem Formulating a problem is the first step in the research process. In many ways, res earch starts with a problem that management is facing. This problem needs to be understood, the cause diagnosed, and solutions developed. However, most management problems are not always easy to research. A management problem must first be translated into a research problem. Once you approach the problem from a research angle, you can find a solution. For example, â€Å"sales are not growing† is a management problem.Translated into a research problem, we may examine the expectations and experiences of several groups: potential customers, first-time buyers, and repeat purchasers. We will determine if the lack of sales is due to: ; Poor expectations that lead too general lack of desire to buy, or ; Poor performance experience and a lack of desire to repurchase. What then is the difference between a management problem and a research problem? Management problems focus on an action. Do we advertise more? Do we change our advertising message? Do we change an under-performing produc t configuration? If so, how? Research problems, on the other hand, focus on providing the information you need in order to solve the management problem. Stage 2: Method of InquiryThe scientific method is the standard pattern for investigation. It provides an opportunity for you to use existing knowledge as a starting point and proceed impartially. The scientific method includes the following steps: 1. Formulate a problem 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Make predictions based on the hypothesis 4. Devise a test of the hypothesis 5. Conduct the test 6. Analyze the results The terminology is similar to the stages in the research process. However, there are subtle differences in the way the steps are performed. For example, the scientific method is objective while the research process can be subjective. Objective-based research (quantitative research) relies on impartial analysis.The facts are the priority in objective research. On the other hand, subjective-based research (qualitative resear ch) emphasizes personal Judgment as you collect and analyze data. Stage 3: Research Method In addition to selecting a method of inquiry (objective or subjective), you must select a research method. There are two primary methodologies that can be used to answer any research question: experimental research and non-experimental research. Experimental research gives you the advantage of controlling extraneous variables ND manipulating one or more variables that influences the process being implemented. Non-experimental research allows observation but not intervention.You simply observe and report on your findings. Stage 4: Research Design The research design is a plan or framework for conducting the study and collecting data. It is defined as the specific methods and procedures you use to acquire the information you need. Stage 5: Data Collection Techniques Your research design will develop as you select techniques to use. There are many ways to collect data. Two important methods to co nsider are interviews and observation. Interviews require you to ask questions and receive responses. Common modes of research communication include interviews conducted face-to- face, by mail, by telephone, by email, or over the Internet.This broad category of research techniques is known as survey research. These techniques are used in both non-experimental research and experimental research. Another way to collect data is by observation. Observing a person's or company's past or present behavior can predict future purchasing decisions. Data collection techniques for past behavior can include analyzing company records and reviewing studies published by external resources. In order to analyze information from interview or observation techniques, you must record your results. Because the recorded results are vital, measurement and development are closely linked to which data collection techniques you decide on.The way you record the data changes depends on which method you use. Stag e 6: Sample Design Your marketing research project will rarely examine an entire population. It's more practical to use a sample-?a smaller but accurate representation of the greater population. In order to design your sample, you must find answers to these questions: 1. From which base population is the sample to be selected? 2. What is the method (process) for sample selection? 3. What is the size of the sample? Once you've established who the relevant population is (completed in the problem formulation stage), you have a base for your sample. This will allow you to make inferences about a larger population.There are two methods of selecting a sample from a population: probability or non-probability sampling. The probability method relies on a random sampling of everyone within the larger population. Non- probability is based in part on the Judgment of the investigator, and often employs nonviolence samples, or by other sampling methods that do not rely on probability. The final s tage of the sample design involves determining the appropriate sample size. This important step involves cost and accuracy decisions. Larger samples generally reduce sampling error and increase accuracy, but also increase costs. Stage 7: Data Collection Once you've established the first six stages, you can move on to data collection.Depending on the mode of data collection, this part of the process can require large amounts of personnel and a significant portion of your budget. Personal (face-to-face) and telephone interviews may require you to use a data collection agency (field service). Internet surveys require fewer personnel, are lower cost, and can be completed in days rather than weeks or months. Regardless of the mode of data collection, the data collection process introduces another essential element to your research project: the importance of clear and constant communication. Stage 8: Analysis and Interpretation In order for data to be useful, you must analyze it.Analysis techniques vary and their effectiveness depends on the types of information oh are collecting, and the type of measurements you are using. Because they are dependent on the data collection, analysis techniques should be decided before this step. Stage 9: The Marketing Research Report The marketing research process culminates with the research report. This report will include all of your information, including an accurate description of your research process, the results, conclusions, and recommended courses of action. The report should provide all the information the decision maker needs to understand the project. It should also be written in language that is easy to understand. It's important to find a balance between completeness and conciseness.You don't want to leave any information out; however, you can't let the information get so technical that it overwhelms the reading audience. One approach to resolving this conflict is to prepare two reports: the technical report and the s ummary report. The technical report discusses the methods and the underlying assumptions. In this document, you discuss the detailed findings of the research project. The summary report, as its name implies, summarizes the research process and presents the findings and conclusions as simply as possible. Another way to keep your findings clear is to prepare several different representations of your findings. Powering presentations, graphs, and face-to-face reports are all common methods for presenting your information.

Tesco India

Introduction Tesco plc is a multinational grocery store originated from British. Tesco general merchandise retailer headquartered located in United Kingdom. It’s the third-largest retailer in the world as we measured according by revenues its stand after Wal-Mart and Carrefour and is the second-largest if we calculated profits then, its stand after Wal-Mart. Tesco deals in approximately 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in the UK and capture the 30% market share, Malaysia, the Republic of Ireland and Thailand.The reason Tesco increase their growth rapidly is increasingly diversified geographically and into areas such as the retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, petrol and software; financial services; telecoms and internet services; DVD rental; and music downloads. Tesco’s corporate strategy In behind every successful industry they have their own strategy. That strategy will be their core of the business and industry. Tesco also has its own strategy. Tesco is using its own brand product everywhere and selling with cheap rate. Also read: How Does Tesco Communicate With Their CustomersAnother important part of their strategy is the use and innovation of new technologies. They are the first to introduce self billing and use camera to reduce theft. Reason’s Tesco choose India, Marketing Opportunities of Tesco in India Tesco has had a limited presence in India with a service centre in Bangalore. As part of their internationalization Tesco is planning to implement their full presence in India. Tesco is planning for opening a wholesale cash-and-carry business in the biggest commercial city of India, Mumbai.Tesco will start its operation by joining with the Tata, one of the giant business groups in India. Factors Tesco has chosen India to start their new business Rising Income In India people with high income have a tendency to use new taste and prefer brand new items. So here Tesco have a wide opportunity because Tesco sell their own product with their label and is not available elsewhere in India. So as a new comer with branded products Tesco will have a good opening in market. So rising income is an important factor of their opportunities. Liberalization of Indian EconomyThis is also an important opportunity of Tesco in India. They can invest large amount to attract the consumer mind by giving a variety of goods. Foreign direct investment is also a great factor that helps Tesco. Indian government is supporting FDI because it provides huge profit and development for the country. So Tesco can utilize this chance and can get a good opportunity in India (Accessed from report of Corporate Catalyst India). High population growth and suitable places Another opportunity which is in front of Tesco is the large population in India and the metro cities.There are a lot supermarkets and retail outlets in India and are making huge profits. But the customer satisfaction guaranteed by them is low. Here Tesco have a good opportunity when they are using a core strategy to attract customers into the ir outlets. Cheap labor with high qualified personal India is a country with high population. So there is no much strain for Tesco to rent a labor. They will get skilled and educated labor because India has a wide labor pool range with cheap wages. Skilled workers are needed for retail industries.So Tesco can choose the skilled workers through agency. This is also an opportunity for Tesco for operating in India. All in One This is the main opportunity of Tesco in India. By the term ‘All in One’ it means that people can shop everything they want from Tesco itself. There is no need for them to go to different shops for purchasing. People can save time by purchasing in Tesco. If Tesco can exploit this opportunity very well they will be the market leaders in India. (Anjana (2010); ‘Business India Retail Market Overview’) Developed technology and InfrastructureIndia is a country with high technology and infrastructure. So Tesco can utilize easily all the technol ogies and infrastructure they require when they start their production in India. Technology is also the key variable that which has direct influence in the supply chain, operation and process of grocery and food retailers. Newer technologies like selecting products through mobiles can also attract customers as it can save their time. (Ben; ‘PEST analysis of Tesco in UK’) Difficulties and hurdles Tesco has faced when starting its business in IndiaThe main problem TESCO has faced is the criticism by the Indian Population. If we consider most of the population in India is middle class and most are in the business of retailing in small levels so they have the fear that when such a multinational start its operation in India then there business will destroyed so they were against of it by this behavior of People the political opposition parties take this issue in headlines strikes are called by this all the planning of TESCO is changed according to the environment change so T esco have to reschedule its planning.The other problem is that religious issue is also come into existence which is animal welfare. The other main reason is the Foreign Direct Investment Policy regarding Retailing in India which is: * FDI up to 100% cash and carry wholesale * FDI is not permitted in Multi Brand retailing in India The other factors which effect are the * Unstable environment As Indian financial position or economy not remains the same all the time, other than that there is Political instability, by which rules and regulation change rapidly. * A lot of political pressuresThis creates in this sense that in India there are many casts and religion one party is in favor of one cast and vice versa. The party which is ruling has pressure on such stores and multinational companies to follow their customs and deals with there peoples. * Culture diversity * Difficulty to understand the Indian market * High risk of failure * Indirect access to market figures. Etc Hurdles in liv e streaming NO TESCO’S HERE! Shops and schools were forced to close during demonstrations against a government decision to open India's retail market to foreign companies such as Tesco and Wal-Mart.The partly successful national strike saw protesters burn effigies of Prime Minister Manmohan Sing and holding signs reading ‘Go Back Wal-Mart’ whilst disrupting train services, blocking the tracks. A key partner in India's ruling coalition has withdrawn support from the government and said its ministers would resign in protest over a plan to allow foreign retailers such as Tesco into the country. â€Å"Our ministers will go to Delhi to resign. We will not stay in UPA II,† the head of the regional Trinamool Congress party, Mamata Banerjee, told reporters, referring to the ruling coalition led by the Indian National Congress party.The withdrawal of Trinamool, which is staunchly opposed to a move to allow foreign supermarkets into the retail sector, leaves the gov ernment weakened and dependent on outside support to pass legislation, AFP reported. The reforms unveiled by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh last week include allowing in foreign retail giants such as Walmart and Tesco, as well foreign airlines, and included a 12% hike in the price of subsidised diesel. Opposition Role and Benefit The opposition parties protested against these measures with a nationwide strike.More damaging for the government is the decision of the Trinamool Congress, headed by the chief minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee to pull out of the government, with its ministers to resign. The popular anger against the rise in diesel prices is easy to understand – Indian prices of this essential fuel are already among the highest in the world. This increase will affect all other prices, raising farmers' costs and causing already high food prices to soar.If the government is really concerned with controlling inflation, this is a foolish and unjust measure, bound t o cause further inflation without delivering much in public savings. Against to it Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has said the reforms would â€Å"help strengthen our growth process and generate employment in these difficult times†. While opposition neither criticizes nor will food inflation is brought down by this measure – certainly not immediately, or even in the medium term.Distribution margins in India are quite low precisely because the various levels are so highly competitive – and if they are to be improved, that is best done through public investment in cold storage and efficient transport, as well as by encouraging co-operatives. The employment impact is likely to be very negative. The retail trade in India employs about 40 million – mostly very small-scale traders who are largely self-employed, who would not be able to compete with large organized corporations.It has been estimated that one Wal-Mart can displace up to 1,400 small stores, costing around 5,000 jobs. Since Indian growth has been mostly jobless already, this is obviously a huge concern. So the hue and  cry about opening up retail trade in India is hardly surprising. What is more surprising is the government's insistence on pushing through this relatively minor â€Å"reform† barely a month after it had promised parliament it would do so only by consensus. The entire episode speaks of a tired regime that has run out of ideas.The party, which has been extremely critical of the reform package, postponed a meeting it had called for Thursday evening to determine its next step. Top ministers downplayed any talk of a teetering government. ‘We have enough friends today, we had enough friends yesterday †¦ So I don't see any reason why you should doubt our stability,† Finance Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram told reporters. In Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, protesters blocked railroad tracks. Some held up placards reading ‘Go back Tesco' a reference to the U. S. retail giant expected to enter the Indian market under the new regulations.By use all of these issues the opposition parties want to take out the advantage and by demolish this government they want to create out their own government. Conclusion Although Tesco is doing well in all of the territories, But in India Tesco can be failed because India is too much emotionally involved with its cultural and economical perspective. Traders and retailers of India will not easily accept it which could become and unfavorable loss for Tesco. People are not adopt to change there but once Tesco start its operation fully as Tesco is signing contract with Tata slowly this impact will change the environment.

Emile Durkheim Essays - Sociology Books, Sociology, Science

Emile Durkheim Essays - Sociology Books, Sociology, Science Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine on April 15, 1858. He was the s on of a rabbi and descending from a long line of rabbis, he decided early that he would follow the family tradition and become a rabbi himself. He studied Hebrew, the Old Testament, and the Talmud, while following the regular course of in secular schools. He soon turned away from all religious involvement, though purposely not from interest in religious phenomena, and became a freethinker, or non-believer. At about the time of his graduation he decided that he would dedicate himself to the scientific study of society. Since sociology was not a subject either at the secondary schools or at the university, Durkheim launched a career as a teacher in philosophy. Emile Durkheim made many contributions to the study of society, suicide, the division of labor, solidarity and religion. Raised in a time of troubles in France, Durkheim spent much of his talent justifying order and commitment to or der. Durkheim was a pioneer French sociologist, taught at Bordeaux (1887-1902) and the University of Paris (1902-17). He introduced the system and hypothetical framework of accurate social science. Durkheim was author of The Division of Labour (1893), Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Suicide (1897), Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1915). Emile Durkheim has often been characterized as the founder of professional sociology. He has a great closeness with the two introductory sociologists, Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim willingly noticed the ideas of the Division of Labor and the Biological Analogy. Both ideas which had been differently well developed by Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheims holism approach said that sociology should focus on and study large social operations and cultures. He used functionalism, an approach of studying social and cultural phenomena as a set of interdependent parts, to find out the roles these institutions and processes play in keeping social order. Because of this importance in large social processes and institutions, Durkheim's sociology can be described as macro-sociological as compared to a micro-sociological, which takes its starting point at the individual. Durkheim's main purpose was to give sociology a professional and scientific standing like other traditional social sciences. In order to do this, Durkheim argued that it was essential to clearly state the domain or area of study for sociology. He said that sociology's concern was with the social. This section of the social should be separated from the area of psychological and the individual. If there was to be something called sociology there should be a job just for sociology and sociologists. Durkheim said that the social was an independent physical existence, called a society. Durkheim argued that this society didnt depend on the plans and stimulation of individuals for its lasting existence. Society was 'thing-like'. So the social or society had a life and logic of its own. If this was the case then sociology had a purpose. Durkheim also went into the subject of religion. He said that the god concept was a false way [collective representation] of the power that groups used to shape the behavior of members. He thought of religion as a solution to the problem of solidarity, how to hold people together when they have conflicting interests. Durkheim looked to the activities of early religions in rituals. He said rituals were specific tools that implanted illustrations of that society in the members of the society. He suggested that these rituals honored the group and its identity and not the individual's identity. So the basic purpose of these religions and their rituals was to maintain social solidarity within those societies. So, the function of religion in those societies was the worship not of 'god' but of the society. He said there were other ways to get solidarity than by religion. He mentioned the division of labor, which is defined as the assignment of certain tasks, jobs, or work to be done by cert ain individuals, groups, and classes of people. Sex, age, education type and level, and the occupation area of one's family are the most traditional bases for distinguishing occupational activities. Durkhiem also explained suicide. He explained suicide in terms of the degree to which a person is joined into social life. At the

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java

The Shailendra Kingdom of Java In the 8th century CE, a Mahayana Buddhist kingdom sprang up on the central plain of Java, now in Indonesia. Â  Soon, glorious Buddhist monuments flowered across the Kedu Plain - and the most incredible of them all was the massive stupa of Borobudur. Â  But who were these great builders and believers? Â  Unfortunately, we do not have many primary historical sources about the Shailendra Kingdom of Java. Â  Here is what we know, or suspect, about this kingdom. Like their neighbors, the Srivijaya Kingdom of the island of Sumatra, the Shailendra Kingdom was a great ocean-going and trading empire. Â  Also known as a thalassocracy, this form of government made perfect sense for a people located at the linch-pin point of the great Indian Ocean maritime trade. Â  Java is midway between the silks, tea, and porcelains of China, to the east, and the spices, gold, and jewels of India, to the west. Â  In addition, of course, the Indonesian islands themselves were famous for their exotic spices, sought after all around the Indian Ocean basin and beyond. Archaeological evidence suggests, however, that the people of Shailendra did not rely entirely upon the sea for their living. Â  The rich, volcanic soil of Java also yielded bountiful harvests of rice, which could have been consumed by the farmers themselves or traded to passing merchant ships for a tidy profit. Â   Where did the Shailendra people come from? Â  In the past, historians and archaeologists have suggested various points of origin for them based on their artistic style, material culture, and languages. Â  Some said they came from Cambodia, others India, still others that they were one and the same with the Srivijaya of Sumatra. Â  It seems most likely, however, that they were native to Java, and were influenced by far-flung Asian cultures through the sea-borne trade. Â  The Shailendra seem to have emerged around the year 778 CE. Interestingly, at that time there was already another great kingdom in Central Java. Â  The Sanjaya dynasty was Hindu rather than Buddhist, but the two seem to have gotten along well for decades. Â  Both also had ties with the Champa Kingdom of the Southeast Asian mainland, the Chola Kingdom of southern India, and with Srivijaya, on the nearby island of Sumatra. The ruling family of Shailendra does seem to have intermarried with the rulers of Srivijaya, in fact. Â  For example, the Shailendra ruler Samaragrawira made a marriage alliance with the daughter of a Maharaja of Srivijaya, a woman called Dewi Tara. Â  This would have cemented trade and political ties with her father, the Maharaja Dharmasetu. For around 100 years, the two great trading kingdoms in Java seem to have peacefully coexisted. Â  However, by the year 852, the Sanjaya seem to have pushed the Sailendra out of Central Java. Â  Some inscriptions suggest that the Sanjaya ruler Rakai Pikatan (r. 838 - 850) overthrew the Shailendra king Balaputra, who fled to the Srivijaya court in Sumatra. Â  According to legend, Balaputra then took power in Srivijaya. Â  The last known inscription mentioning any member of the Shailendra dynasty is from the year 1025, when the great Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I launched a devastating invasion of Srivijaya, and took the last Shailendra king back to India as a hostage. It is terribly frustrating that we do not have more information about this fascinating kingdom and its people. Â  After all, the Shailendra were quite obviously literate - they left inscriptions in three different languages, Old Malay, Old Javanese, and Sanskrit. Â  However, these carved stone inscriptions are fairly fragmentary, and dont provide a very complete picture of even the kings of Shailendra, let alone the daily lives of ordinary people. Thankfully, though, they did leave us the magnificent Borobudur Temple as a lasting monument to their presence in Central Java.

Discussion 1 Week 3 Researching Financial Information Assignment

Discussion 1 Week 3 Researching Financial Information - Assignment Example The cost of operation has been relatively stable in contrast to the increase in total revenue. I would invest in this company with the current financial position. This is because the company dynamic is upwards and they are no indication to show this is likely to change. Investing in young company before they become big has an added advantage as one is able to gain from its growth. The company profit curve has been on the rise although sometimes the curve drops down than the previous financial year. The company has performed well in the universal economic hard times and has maintained its overall total revenue. The total expenditure has been regulated and tend to as low as possible. This is as a result of effective managerial skills. I would give an advice that, this companys future is so bright and the trend that it has portrayed over the past few years has proven this. The management of the company is effective in cutting down the cost of running. This should go on to see the company gain more ( Orhangazi,

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program in W.G. Rhea Elementary School Research Paper

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program in W.G. Rhea Elementary School Kindergarten - Research Paper Example Research on Dr.Myrna Shure's program I Can Problem Solve for early elementary (how it has been used, where it has been used, results, etc) along with other programs or information that use problem-solving techniques and cognitive methods.An analytical framework of using ICPS Program for helping children in various aspects is presented.The approximation is based on series of generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for a wide range of real life situations.ICPS Program teaches the critical thinking skills children require to solve problems on their own. After receiving this program, children learn to generate solution and alternative solutions to problems. They learn to go one step ahead and think of the situation that will arise once the decision is taken. Ability to plan properly the steps to be taken to reach the main goal is developed on their own.How Here, students are helped to solve problems on their own by using real life situations and using fun and e xciting methods such as using colorful pictures, puppets etc. Discussions among groups of students and role plays are also done during the program to help them understand and come up with various solutions and alternative solutions to situational problems .They are then allowed to find out for themselves which would be the best solution to the problem considering the consequences. The program teaches students basic skills and problem solving language. They learn word concepts, how to identify problems, come up with solutions, find out factors behind problems, generate alternate solutions and also study consequences. Children learn to be sensitive. They recognize not only one's own feelings but also others. Children tend to be empathetic and understand problems others face from their point of view. And hence they are able to respond to others problems and influence their responses in turn. Children become better decision makers. Many role plays are conducted during this program enact ing problematic situations. They are requested to come up with solutions and alternative solutions to such situational problems. And they finally choose the best solution on their own after studying the consequences to their decisions. This enables them to manage and solve everyday problems more effectively. Relating lessons learned to other areas, extension activities, activity sheets and other interactive activities are included. (Shure,1992) Where Initial research, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, DC, was conducted with low-income African-American youngsters. Subsequent service evaluations beginning in grade 3 were successfully conducted with diverse ethnic and income groups, as well as those with special needs including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Results: (What effect does the ICPS program have on behavior): Children were found to be more patient and less

Iranian Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iranian Women - Essay Example This system denounced the equal participation of women in any social or political activity. Women got expected to carry out their duties and roles according to their biological predisposition, which entitled them to bear children, take care of them, and provide comfort and satisfaction to their husbands (Ali, 2010). Over the last 20 years, changes have become effected in regards to women in the Iranian society. These changes have both freed and place restriction on women in the Iranian society. The proclamation of the Iranian constitution after the revolution served to change the view of women in the society. The constitution in its treaty of women’s rights and responsibilities recognizes women’s rights to high standards of learning. The constitution promotes the rights of women to attain higher education to the very highest academic levels. Women are encouraged through the constitution to seek the highest quantitative and qualitative levels of specialist skills. During the last 20 years, the Islamic revolution has managed to attain significant levels of equality in eradicating illiteracy among the Iranian population. The percentage of literate women in Iran has risen over the last 20 years (Ali, 2010). ... Women also face restrictions in pursuing higher education in various fields of study in the country. Some fields of study get taught in segregated classrooms. Culturally, women have also become viewed with much dignity with a special emphasis on not letting them become viewed as sexual objects. Leaders and managers have placed emphasis on the notion of not letting women get exploited as sexual objects in the country. A law that got enacted in 1988 prohibits the abuse of individuals, which includes disrespecting women or abusing a woman’s body through text or image. The revolution also resulted to the imposition of various cultural restrictions on women in Iran (Afshar, 2012). The revolution emphasized on the need for women to wear hijabs to in all public places to avoid receiving unwanted attention. According to the Islamic council of Iran, it is vital for women to wear hijabs to maintain their purest forms. Women are expected to cover their body and hair except for their hand s and faces. Women are also not encouraged to use cosmetics. Punishment for not wearing hijabs may range from verbal reprimands, whip lashing, and even imprisonment. The legal marriage age for a girl in Iran is 9 years, which got reduced from the initial 18years. Polygamy is very much legal in the country with men allowed to marry various wives. Women are not allowed to travel without the approval in writing of their husbands (Povey & Rostemi-Povey, 2013). Women do not get allowed to get in the company of other men who are not their husbands or male relatives. Women also get restricted to participate in sporting activities that may allow them to get seen by men. They are also not allowed to watch men’s