Siege of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolution

The Siege of Fort Ticonderoga was fought July 2-6, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Opening his Saratoga Campaign, Major General John Burgoyne advanced down Lake Champlain in the summer of 1777 with the initial goal of capturing Fort Ticonderoga. Arriving, his men were able to emplace guns on the heights of Sugar Loaf (Mount Defiance) which dominated the American positions around the fort. Left with little choice, the forts commander, Major General Arthur St. Clair, ordered his men to abandon the fortifications and retreat. Though criticized for his actions, St. Clairs decision preserved his command for use later in the campaign. Background In the spring of 1777, Major General John Burgoyne devised  a plan for achieving victory over  the Americans. Concluding  that New England was the seat of the rebellion, he suggested separating  the region from the other colonies by advancing down the Hudson River corridor while a second column, led by Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger, moved east from Lake Ontario. Rendezvousing at Albany, the combined force  would drive down the Hudson, while  General William Howes army marched north from New York. Though the plan was approved by London, Howes role was never clearly defined and his seniority prevented Burgoyne from issuing him orders. British Preparations Prior to this, British forces under Sir Guy Carleton had attempted to capture Fort Ticonderoga.  Sailing south  on Lake Champlain in the fall of 1776, Carletons fleet was delayed by an American squadron led by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Valcour Island.  Though Arnold was defeated, the lateness of the season prevented the British from exploiting their victory.   Arriving in Quebec the following spring, Burgoyne began assembling his army and making preparations for moving south.  Building a  force of around 7,000 regulars and 800 Native  Americans, he gave  command of his advance force to Brigadier General Simon Fraser while leadership of the right and left wings of the army went to Major General William  Phillips and Baron Riedesel.  After reviewing his command at Fort Saint-Jean in  mid-June, Burgoyne took to the lake to begin his campaign.  Occupying Crown Point on June  30, his army was effectively screened by Frasers men and the Native Americans. American Response Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, American forces had spent two years improving its defenses.  These included extensive  earthworks across the lake on the Mount Independence peninsula as well as redoubts and  forts on the site of the old French defenses to the  west.  Additionally,  American  forces built a fort atop nearby Mount Hope.  To the southwest, the height of Sugar Loaf (Mount Defiance), which dominated both Fort Ticonderoga and Mount  Independence, was left undefended as it was not believed that artillery could be pulled to the summit.   Major General Arthur St. Clair. Public Domain This point had been challenged by Arnold and Brigadier General Anthony Wayne during earlier stints in the area, but no action was taken. Through the early part of 1777, American  leadership in the region  had been in flux as Major Generals Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates  lobbied for command of the Northern Department.  As this debate continued, oversight  at Fort Ticonderoga fell to Major General Arthur St. Clair.   A veteran of the failed invasion of Canada as well as the victories at Trenton and Princeton, St. Clair possessed around 2,500-3,000 men.  Meeting with Schuyler on June 20, the two men concluded that this force was not sufficient to hold  the Ticonderoga defenses against a determined British attack.  As such, they devised two lines of retreat with one  passing south through Skenesboro and the other heading east toward Hubbardton.  Ã‚  Departing, Schuyler told his subordinate to defend the post for as long as possible before retreating.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777) Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Date: July 2-6, 1777Armies and Commanders:AmericansMajor General Arthur St. Clairapprox. 3,000 menBritishMajor General John Burgoyneapprox. 7,800 menCasualties:Americans: 7 killed and 11 woundedBritish: 5 killed Burgoyne Arrives Moving south on July 2, Burgoyne advanced Fraser and Phillips down the west shore of the lake while Riedesels  Hessians pressed along the east bank with the goal of attacking Mount Independence and cutting the road to Hubbardton.  Sensing danger, St. Clair  withdrew the garrison from  Mount Hope later that morning due to concerns that it  would be isolated and overwhelmed.  Later in the day, British and Native American forces began skirmishing with the Americans in the old  French lines.  In the course of the fighting, a British soldier was captured and St. Clair was  able to learn more about the size of Burgoynes army.  Recognizing the importance of Sugar Loaf,  British engineers ascended the  heights and covertly began clearing space for an artillery emplacement (Map). Baron Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. Public Domain A Difficult Choice: The next morning, Frasers men occupied  Mount Hope while other British forces began dragging guns up Sugar Loaf.  Ã‚  Continuing to work in secret, Burgoyne  hoped to have Riedesel in place on the  Hubbardton Road before the Americans discovered the guns on the heights.  On the evening of July 4, Native American campfires on Sugar Loaf alerted St. Clair to the impending  danger.   With the American defenses exposed to the British guns, he called  a council of war  early on July 5.  Meeting with his commanders, St. Clair made the decision to  abandon the fort and retreat after dark.  As Fort Ticonderoga was a politically important post, he recognized that the withdrawal would badly  damage his reputation but he felt that saving his army  took precedence.   St. Clair  Retreats Gathering a fleet of over 200 boats, St. Clair directed that as many supplies as possible be embarked and sent south to Skenesboro.  Ã‚  While the boats  were escorted south by Colonel Pierse Longs New Hampshire Regiment, St. Clair and the remaining men crossed to Mount Independence before marching down the Hubbardton Road.  Probing the American lines the next morning, Burgoynes troops found them deserted.  Pushing forward, they occupied Fort Ticonderoga and the surrounding works without firing a shot.  Shortly thereafter, Fraser received permission to mount a pursuit of the retreating Americans with Riedesel in support. Aftermath In the Siege of Fort Ticonderoga, St. Clair suffered seven killed and eleven wounded while Burgoyne incurred five killed.  Frasers pursuit resulted in the Battle of Hubbardton on July 7.  Though a British victory, it saw the American rearguard inflict higher casualties as well as accomplish  their mission of covering St. Clairs retreat.   Turning  west, St. Clairs men later rendezvoused with Schuyler at Fort Edward.  As  he predicted,  St. Clairs abandonment of Fort Ticonderoga led to his removal  from  command and contributed to Schuyler being replaced by Gates.  Ã‚  Firmly arguing that his actions had been honorable and were justified, he demanded a court of inquiry which was held in September 1778.  Though exonerated, St. Clair did not receive another field command during the war.   Advancing south after his success at Fort Ticonderoga, Burgoyne was hampered by  difficult  terrain and American efforts to slow his march.  As the campaign season wore on, his plans began  to unravel following a defeat at Bennington and St. Legers failure at the Siege of Fort  Stanwix.  Increasingly  isolated, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his army after being beaten at the Battle of Saratoga that fall.  The American victory proved a turning point in the war and led to the Treaty of Alliance with France.

Patriotism, Federalism, And Nationalism - 992 Words

Patriotism, Federalism, and Nationalism is what keeps America thriving exceptionally. The government was designed to help protect the peace of the land, and to preserve our liberties. An in return Americans patriotic actions demonstrate patriotism, simply by showing respect, love, and support to one another and to the land. Until you are willing to sacrifice it all, for your nation is true love of one’s country. Weather recognizing where your loyalty lie is essential or not. Coming together, working together to secure common goals and interests is the way to go. Knowing you made a difference by serving your country is what makes it yours. However, in this millennium Americans forgot the original concept and value of patriotism, but is loyal to the glory and festivity associated with patriotism. Nevertheless patriotism is much more than carrying around a flag shouting I’m patriotic. It is about dedicating your time and effort to achieve common goals, a noble leader with good intentions that is willing to put the well-being of the nations before any and everything, and the people willing to defend ones country. Nationalism is expressed through patriotism because nationalism is the belief of a particular nation interest and culture. Within the last decade or two American loyalties and cultural sentiment has divided. This is why understanding where your national loyalty lay is important, emotional attachment to more than one country or nation can cause stress, frustration,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Globe And Mail Written By Antonia Maioni926 Words   |  4 Pagessense of nationalism. According to scholar Max Memni Quebec’s nationalism â€Å"is not merely a political construct, nor the mere product of the imaginations of up-and-coming businessmen, intellects, civil servants and politicians eager to replace the departing Anglophone elites† (Memni 3). It is seen as one of the few large French concentrated regions in North America tha t often turns inward to safeguard their language and culture. Quebec’s nationalism has had political effects on Canadian federalism, asRead MoreItaly : A Country For Long?1666 Words   |  7 Pagesstrong belief in Western Christianity. A deeply spiritual person, he opposed rationalism and atheism while highly valuing patriotism. His dedication to religion helped him appeal to the Christian and Roman Catholic populations of Italy; he was seen by some as an extraordinarily spiritual leader. His patriotism was the driving force behind his efforts to unify Italy. Italian nationalism, which led to a more prominent aspiration for unity among the Italian states, developed largely in response to the occupationRead MorePropaganda Throughout History2752 Words   |  12 Pagesthe podium and growling, emotional speeches. Authentic as they may have seemed, these speeches were full of propaganda and rhetoric which he used to appeal to the economic need of the lower and middle classes, while sounding resonant chords of nationalism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism. Threatened by hyperinflation, political chaos and a possible Communist takeover, Hitler, offered Germans scapegoats and solutions. To the economically depressed he promised to despoil â€Å"Jew financiers† and to workersRead MoreCh 12 Worksheet Answers for Apush2426 Words   |  10 PagesAll questions courtesy of Houghton Mifflins The American Pageant Guidebook; A Manual For Students, Eleventh Edition, 1998 Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824 True-False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately below. 1. Napoleon’s decision to repeal his blockage decrees in response to Macon’s Bill No. 2 demonstrated how he had been successfully manipulated by President MadisonRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesDelta people over the resources in their territory. Clearly, the repressive laws must be repealed if the leadership of Nigeria is serious about addressing the imbalance in the structure of the country as it presently stands and upholding true federalism. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which is also the continental shelf of Nigeria is first and foremost part of a state’s boundary before it is Nigeria’s territory. The off-shore/on-shore dichotomy is therefore a glaring case of injustice and itsRead MoreHistory of Pakistan18783 Words   |  76 Pagesthe product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab trader s had introduced the new religionRead MoreInternal Threats to Pakistan10157 Words   |  41 Pagesindependence, Pakistan has confronted many dissentions within the society, which emerged out of the following psychosocial environments existing at that time: - a. Ideology. Pakistan came into being on the basis of two-nation theory. The clash of nationalism in India was based on a psychological conflict that was equally fought on the fields of politics as well as in the minds of the Muslims.[3] The hopes, aspirations and desires of the Muslims of India were to build Pakistan on the basis of Islamic

Sustainability Marketing Global Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Marketing for Global Perspective. Answer: Introduction: Central Queensland University is and an Australia based dual sector university which is popularly known as CQ University. The main campus is in North Rock Hampton which is in Queensland. The motive of the university is Forever Learning. The university was founded in 1967 in Rock Hampton by the name of Queensland Institute of Technology which was known as QIT (CQ University, 2017a). The university has its campuses across Australia. After the year 2009, the institution has shown tremendous growth. The company has shown a great growth in many areas like the new courses, infrastructure, and number of students, development of new campuses and the reputation of the institution among the other universities of Australia. Moreover, it is emerging as great universities of Australia (CQ University, 2017b). The values of the university are a combination of openness, engagement, inclusiveness, leadership and a can do attitude which connects with the stakeholders and builds strong relationships. T he mission is to innovate and make better the delivery of both the distance and campus learning across the whole of Australia (CQ University, 2017c). Australia is a great option for undergraduate and postgraduate courses which offer opportunities with respect to the studies and jobs. It is one of the attractive places when it comes to education for both types of students whether they are local or international students. The local based students are the ones who are make a major market share of the university. The university has ranked on the 12th position with respect to the research excellence which is good enough in attracting the students who are interested in research work. The university also offers scholarships, allowances and grants to those potential students who have the ability of performing well. The survey results of the students from all the fields clearly depicts from the table given below that the students are well satisfied. Student Survey Results qut Biz Satisfied % 86 Health Satisfied % 84.2 Arts Satisfied % 82.9 Science Satisfied % 82.1 Biz Teaching % 83.1 Health Teaching % 84.4 Arts Teaching % 83.2 Science Teaching % 85.1 Biz Exper % 82.3 Health Exper % 80.2 Arts Exper % 81.1 Science Exper % 85 (Source: Australian Education Network, 2017). Segmentation and target market The CQ University has emerged as an overall learning institution which gives the students the opportunity to try out their hands in any field of their interest. The university is attaining a popular name among the local students in the Australian education system. The segmentation is the geographical segmentation which offers their products to students from all over the world without showing any concern to the geographical boundaries. The target markets are the students from all the diversities as they will strengthen the background of the university by taking people from all over the world with different social, economic and cultural backgrounds (Nijssen Frambach, 2013). Current marketing mix analyses Marketing mix is referred as a strategic tool which will helps any organisation in differentiating from that of its competitors (Wood, 2008). The products that are offered by the CQ University are the courses that they offer and further they are being selected and pursued by the students on the basis of their interests and needs. The price of the university is affordable which does not deprive students from education. Moreover, the university also offers scholarships and allowances to the students in need. The place mix is the locations on which the university has opened its branches across Australia which are Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. These are the metropolitan campuses which have students from both international and national boundaries. The promotion mix of the university is the ways through which the students will get attracted. There are various websites, online sources, newspapers and rankings given by education networks of Australia will be helpful in the promotional techniques (Belz Peattie, 2009). Further the three Ps are people, process and physical evidence applies to the services industry. People refer to those who deliver the services to the customers. In this case the customers are the students and the people will be the lecturers, administrative staff and non-teaching staff. In such kind of industry the major role is played by people only. The appointment of teachers is done in a very critical manner which brings out the best of the people in the university (Goi, 2009). Processes are the mechanisms which help in the delivery of the services. Processes are the ways which teaches the students use the equipment of the labs and classes. The more the knowledge are given to students the better will be their learning and grasping power. The arrangement of the educational and informal trips will help the students to concentrate easily on studies as they will be given proper space to express and explore. The facilities should be up to date especially for the research students so that they do not find any hindrances in their work. Physical evidence is the infrastructure of the university, the education that they deliver to students, the other co-curricular activities which help them to get an overall exposure and experiences of different fields. The other campuses also give the students as feeling of pride that they are a part of that institution which has a nag to grow always. PEST analysis The PEST analysis comprises of political, economic, social and technological factors which are the external factors. The political factors include the laws that are made by the Australian government in relation to the students coming from other countries for admission in Australian Universities. Overall, the government is happy with the international students increment as it is economically beneficial for the country. The increase in the research work in universities has been forced by the government in order to get more quality work. The economic factors are sound as Australia as an economy has grown over the period of time. The local students taking admissions have increased. Also, students from developing nations are promising markets who are very much interested in investing in education. They are growing economically as well which motivates them to study abroad (Cadle, Paul Turner, 2010). The social factors are the changing culture of countries when it comes to education. As these days, people are interested in studying abroad in international universities which will give them an international exposure. Also they will get to learn about a countrys culture and people. The technological factors include how well the university is developed or not. The infrastructure of the university and its various campuses, how well they are equipped, do they use latest technology and are their teachers and staff who are well verse in using such devices (Cadle, Paul Turner, 2010). Competitor analysis In Australia itself, there are other universities which pose a threat to the University. Universities like New Castle, New South Wales, University of Adelaide etc. are the ones which stand in direct competition with the CQ University. The university has been given four stars by the Australia Education Network out of the five stars. It is also given 12th position under the domestic Excellence in Research Australia system. By all these, it can be said that the university holds a good and competitive position from that of the other players in the industry. The SWOT analysis comprises of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organisation. The strengths of the university is its presence at multiple locations in Australia which gives it an advantage of reaching out to more domestic students and also the more number of campuses are efficient in attracting more number of students. The weakness of the university is that they should not get satisfied with their rankings that they have got from the various universities rather they should constantly strive and improve their standards in order to compete with other universities and get a name in other countries also (Hollensen, 2015). The opportunity can be their introduction of placement programs in the university which will help them to attract more students from all over the world. Students from different parts of the country will strengthen the student base and quality of the university. The threat to the university is the minimal fees which they offer to the students as it can deprive their economic position. There can be fraudulent cases also with respect to the privileges that are being offered by the university to students in need (Katz Green, 2009). Value Brand Proposition The best part that adds to the brand value of the university is its different courses which are offered to individuals with different needs and interests. It depicts a good picture of the university that the courses which they offer are not restricted and rigid rather they are very unique as there are short term, long term, diplomas, degrees, professional courses, vocational courses and especial focus on the research opportunity and accordingly facilities are provided. Segmentation and targeting the international students along with the local ones is another value addition that is done by the university (Australian Education Network, 2017). Conclusion From the above the discussion it can be concluded that the CQ University is high on its vision and values which constantly drive them in achieving the its idea of diversity and inclusiveness. The strength of the university is its infrastructure and the huge number of courses that they offer. The university should make plans with respect to marketing in order to gain global recognition. The university should work on their research facilities more and more so that they make a step forward in the field of research work that is done in the universities in Australia. References Australian Education Network. (2017). Queensland University of Technology. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.australianuniversities.com.au/compare-universities.php?uni%5B%5D=qutsubmit=SUBMIT. Belz, F. M., Peattie, K. (2009). Sustainability marketing: A global perspective. Chichester: Wiley. Cadle, J., Paul, D., Turner, P. (2010). Business analysis techniques: 72 essential tools for success. BCS, The Chartered Institute. CQ University. (2017a). University History. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/university-history. CQ University. (2017b). About University. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity. CQ University. (2017c). Vision and Values. Viewed on 10 April 2017 from https://www.cqu.edu.au/about-us/about-cquniversity/vision-and-values. Goi, C. L. (2009). A review of marketing mix: 4Ps or more?. International journal of marketing studies, 1(1), 2. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Katz, J. A., Green, R. P. (2009). Entrepreneurial small business (Vol. 200). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Nijssen, E.J., Frambach, R.T. (2013). Creating Customer Value Through Strategic Marketing Planning: A Management Approach. Springer Science Business Media. Wood, M. B. (2008). The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Pascals Triangle Essays - Blaise Pascal, Combinatorics,

Pascals Triangle Pascal's Triangle Blas? Pacal was born in France in 1623. He was a child prodigy and was fascinated by mathematics. When Pascal was 19 he invented the first calculating machine that actually worked. Many other people had tried to do the same but did not succeed. One of the topics that deeply interested him was the likelihood of an event happening (probability). This interest came to Pascal from a gambler who asked him to help him make a better guess so he could make an educated guess. In the coarse of his investigations he produced a triangular pattern that is named after him. The pattern was known at least three hundred years before Pascal had discover it. The Chinese were the first to discover it but it was fully developed by Pascal (Ladja , 2). Pascal's triangle is a triangluar arrangement of rows. Each row except the first row begins and ends with the number 1 written diagonally. The first row only has one number which is 1. Beginning with the second row, each number is the sum of the number written just above it to the right and the left. The numbers are placed midway between the numbers of the row directly above it. If you flip 1 coin the possibilities are 1 heads (H) or 1 tails (T). This combination of 1 and 1 is the firs row of Pascal's Triangle. If you flip the coin twice you will get a few different results as I will show below (Ladja, 3): Let's say you have the polynomial x+1, and you want to raise it to some powers, like 1,2,3,4,5,.... If you make a chart of what you get when you do these power-raisins, you'll get something like this (Dr. Math, 3): (x+1)^0 = 1 (x+1)^1 = 1 + x (x+1)^2 = 1 + 2x + x^2 (x+1)^3 = 1 + 3x + 3x^2 + x^3 (x+1)^4 = 1 + 4x + 6x^2 + 4x^3 + x^4 (x+1)^5 = 1 + 5x + 10x^2 + 10x^3 + 5x^4 + x^5 ..... If you just look at the coefficients of the polynomials that you get, you'll see Pascal's Triangle! Because of this connection, the entries in Pascal's Triangle are called the binomial coefficients.There's a pretty simple formula for figuring out the binomial coefficients (Dr. Math, 4): n! [n:k] = -------- k! (n-k)! 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 For example, [6:3] = ------------------------ = 20. 3 * 2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 1 The triangular numbers and the Fibonacci numbers can be found in Pascal's triangle. The triangular numbers are easier to find: starting with the third one on the left side go down to your right and you get 1, 3, 6, 10, etc (Swarthmore, 5) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 The Fibonacci numbers are harder to locate. To find them you need to go up at an angle: you're looking for 1, 1, 1+1, 1+2, 1+3+1, 1+4+3, 1+5+6+1 (Dr. Math, 4). Another thing I found out is that if you multiply 11 x 11 you will get 121 which is the 2nd line in Pascal's Triangle. If you multiply 121 x 11 you get 1331 which is the 3rd line in the triangle (Dr. Math, 4). If you then multiply 1331 x 11 you get 14641 which is the 4th line in Pascal's Triangle, but if you then multiply 14641 x 11 you do not get the 5th line numbers. You get 161051. But after the 5th line it doesn't work anymore (Dr. Math, 4). Another example of probability: Say there are four children Annie, Bob, Carlos, and Danny (A, B, C, D). The teacher wants to choose two of them to hand out books; in how many ways can she choose a pair (ladja, 4)? 1.A & B 2.A & C 3.A & D 4.B & C 5.B & D 6.C & D There are six ways to make a choice of a pair. If the teacher wants to send three students: 1.A, B, C 2.A, B, D 3.A, C, D 4.B, C, D If the teacher wants to send a group of K children where K may range from 0-4; in how many ways will she choose the children K=0 1 way (There is only